Recent studies suggest that natural remedies may be effective against harmful microbes and parasites. One such study by Goc and colleagues tested 15 plant chemicals and nutrients to see how well they could fight the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii, which cause Lyme disease. The researchers found that certain substances, like cis-2-decenoic acid, baicalein, monolaurin, and iodine from kelp, were especially good at fighting these bacteria. However, baicalein and monolaurin were the only ones that could also break down the bacteria’s protective biofilm. No data is currently available on Borrelia afzelii.
Another study by Feng and colleagues looked at different plants to see which ones were best at fighting Borrelia burgdorferi. They found that seven plants, including Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, black walnut, Japanese knotweed, sweet wormwood, cat’s claw, and Chinese skullcap, were very effective. Additionally, some essential oils from plants, like oregano, cinnamon bark, and clove, were able to destroy the bacteria completely.
Scientists have also studied plant-based treatments for other diseases, like Babesia infections, which are spread by ticks. Some plant-based medicines, such as garlic oil, black pepper oil, and extracts from plants like sweet wormwood and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, showed great potential in killing the Babesia parasite.
Another type of infection caused by Bartonella bacteria can be more difficult to treat. One common form is cat-scratch disease, which people can get from cat bites or scratches. This disease usually goes away on its own, but sometimes it becomes a long-term infection. Researchers found that standard antibiotics don’t work well against this bacteria when it hides in a protective biofilm. However, natural remedies like the essential oils from oregano and cinnamon bark have been shown to work better against these persistent bacteria.
By studying these natural options, scientists hope to find new ways to treat difficult infections.
Specific Natural Medicines
Alchornea cordifolia Extracts
Alchornea cordifolia is a plant known for its antimicrobial (fighting bacteria) and anti-inflammatory (reducing swelling) effects. It has also been used in African traditional medicine to treat malaria. Studies show that Alchornea cordifolia is effective against the Babesia parasite, which causes a tick-borne disease. It has been found to be safe and works well in the body according to early studies.
Allicin (Garlic)
Allicin is an important ingredient found in garlic, known for its ability to fight a wide range of infections. It works against bacteria, fungi (such as Candida), parasites (like Giardia), and even some viruses. One study found that garlic oil was very effective in killing Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. It also worked well against the Babesia parasite, which is similar to malaria. Studies on mice show that allicin can significantly reduce the level of Babesia parasites in the blood.
Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis paniculata is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine to treat infections. However, recent research has not found it effective against Borrelia bacteria, although it has been shown to work against another type of bacterial infection called Leptospirosis.
Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood or Qing Hao, has been used for over 2000 years, especially for treating malaria. Its active ingredient, artemisinin, is a powerful drug used to treat malaria. Research shows that artemisinin also has the ability to fight against the persistent forms of Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. People can safely take Artemisia annua in controlled doses, though higher amounts can cause mild stomach upset.
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry)
Berberis vulgaris, also known as barberry, is a plant that grows in many parts of the world. It has many health benefits, including reducing inflammation, fighting infections, and protecting the heart. One of its active ingredients, berberine, is particularly good at fighting bacteria and parasites. Studies have shown that berberine can stop the growth of the Babesia parasite and is also effective against Bartonella henselae, another bacteria that can cause long-term illness in humans.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum)
Cinnamon is a popular spice from tropical Asia, especially Sri Lanka. It comes from different species of the Cinnamomum tree, such as Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum verum, and others. One of its key active ingredients, cinnamaldehyde, has been shown to be effective against different forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. Cinnamon bark oil has been found to have strong activity against persistent forms of these bacteria, even better than some standard drugs. Additionally, cinnamon has been effective against other tick-borne pathogens, such as Bartonella and Babesia, which cause different types of infections.
Cistus creticus
Cistus creticus, a plant known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, has also been studied for its effects on Borrelia burgdorferi. Research shows that its essential oils are more effective than leaf extracts in stopping the growth of this bacteria. The active component responsible for this effect is likely carvacrol.
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is a medicinal plant with many benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-malarial properties. Its active ingredient, cryptolepine, is particularly effective against malaria, including drug-resistant strains. Studies have shown that this plant also works against Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella henselae, and Babesia duncani. Cryptolepis has proven to be effective against both growing and stationary forms of these pathogens. It is considered safe when used in the right amounts, but further research is needed to understand any possible effects on fertility.
Teasel Root (Dipsacus sylvestris/Dipsacus fullonum)
Teasel root, native to Eurasia and North Africa, has been studied for its potential effects on Borrelia burgdorferi. While some extracts of teasel root did not show any effect on the bacteria’s growth, certain preparations were able to inhibit its growth. However, other studies found that teasel root was not effective against the more resistant forms of the bacteria.
Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata)
Clove, also known as Eugenia caryophyllata, comes from the dried flower buds of a tree native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Clove oil contains important active ingredients like eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene. Studies show that clove oil can fight a variety of parasites and viruses, including those that cause malaria, herpes, and hepatitis C. Researchers have found that clove oil is one of the top five essential oils effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, especially in its more stubborn forms. Clove oil, along with oregano and cinnamon bark oils, is also good at breaking down the bacteria's protective biofilm. Clove oil has also been shown to be effective against Bartonella, another tick-borne pathogen, and can reduce the number of Babesia parasites in animal models.
Grapefruit Seed Extract (GSE)
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) has shown some ability to fight Borrelia burgdorferi in lab tests. However, the results have been inconsistent. Some researchers believe that the differences in results could be due to variations in the formulations of the extract, or the specific strains of Borrelia that were tested.
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Black walnut, or Juglans nigra, is known for its many health benefits, including its ability to fight bacteria, reduce inflammation, and protect cells from damage. In studies, black walnut has shown to stop the growth of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii (another Lyme disease bacteria), and even kill the bacteria in its round body form. Black walnut has also been effective against Bartonella, another infection spread by ticks. Although it is generally safe, black walnut may cause stomach issues and, in rare cases, skin reactions. People with tree nut allergies should be cautious when using it.
Monolaurin
Monolaurin, a substance derived from coconut oil, has been available as a dietary supplement since the 1960s. It is also called glycerol monolaurate (GML). Studies have shown that monolaurin can fight several types of bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Listeria, and Streptococcus. Research has also found that monolaurin is effective against the biofilm (protective layer) of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii, which are bacteria that cause Lyme disease.
Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)
Nigella sativa, or black cumin, is a plant known for its wide range of health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and fighting bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Its main active ingredient, thymoquinone, has been shown to work against malaria-causing parasites in mice. Thymoquinone has also been effective in reducing Babesia microti, a parasite that causes a tick-borne disease, in animal studies.
Oregano
Oregano, a common herb used in cooking, comes from either the Origanum (Mediterranean) or Lippia (Mexican) plant species. Oregano oil contains a powerful component called carvacrol, which has been shown to be very effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, especially in its stationary phase when it becomes harder to kill. Oregano oil also helps break down biofilm, the protective layer that makes bacteria harder to treat. In addition, oregano has been found to fight Bartonella henselae, a bacteria responsible for cat scratch disease, and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which can help treat infections that affect the brain.
Banderol (Otoba parvifolia)
Banderol, made from the Otoba parvifolia plant, has been shown to work against both active and dormant forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. When combined with Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw), it has shown strong effects against all forms of this bacteria.
Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)
Black pepper oil has been studied for its ability to stop the growth of Babesia duncani, a parasite that causes a tick-borne disease. Along with garlic oil, black pepper oil has been identified as one of the most effective treatments in lab tests.
Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
Japanese knotweed contains resveratrol, a powerful compound known for its health benefits, such as protecting the heart and fighting bacteria. Studies have shown that it works well against Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia duncani, and Bartonella henselae. It is generally safe to use, though some people may experience stomach upset.
Sumac (Rhus coriaria)
Sumac, commonly used as a spice in Mediterranean cooking, has been found to have many health benefits, including antibacterial, heart-protective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies show that sumac extract can stop the growth of several strains of the Babesia parasite, making it a promising natural treatment.
Rosmarinic Acid
Rosmarinic acid is a natural compound found in plants of the mint family. It is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Research has shown that when combined with other natural compounds like luteolin, rosmarinic acid can enhance the effect of treatments against Borrelia burgdorferi.
Baicalein and Scutellaria spp.
Baicalein is a compound found in the roots of plants from the Scutellaria species, such as Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis). It has been shown to fight against different forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii, including their biofilm. Baicalein works well when combined with other natural substances like luteolin, which helps to boost its ability to break down biofilm and fight the bacteria. It can also be used alongside antibiotics like doxycycline to enhance their effects. Additionally, baicalein is safe to use and has even been shown to protect the liver from damage.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)
Certain types of stevia, a natural sweetener, have been shown to fight against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. However, not all forms of stevia are effective, and some studies have shown mixed results. Researchers believe that the way stevia is prepared may affect its effectiveness. One study showed that when stevia was combined with antibiotics like doxycycline, it significantly reduced the protective biofilm that the bacteria use to hide. Stevia is considered safe to consume even in large amounts.
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Cat’s claw is a plant known for its ability to fight infections, including those caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. While it is more effective against certain forms of the bacteria, it has shown good results overall in lab studies. Cat’s claw is generally safe to use with very few side effects, even when used for long periods. However, there are some reports that it may affect estrogen levels, which could impact certain types of birth control.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, commonly known for boosting the immune system, has also shown some ability to fight Borrelia burgdorferi. Studies have found that it can work well when combined with antibiotics like doxycycline to kill the bacteria. Vitamin C can also be useful against Babesia, a parasite that causes tick-borne disease, especially when combined with specific anti-parasitic drugs. It’s important to note that very high doses of Vitamin C should be used carefully in people with certain enzyme deficiencies.
Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3 is important for the immune system and can help reduce inflammation. Studies have shown that Vitamin D3 can reduce symptoms of arthritis in mice that were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. While it is effective against the active form of the bacteria, it does not seem to work as well against the dormant or biofilm forms. Vitamin D is widely known for its role in overall health, particularly in maintaining strong bones and supporting the immune system.
Combination Protocols Show Synergy
In 2017, researchers discovered that certain combinations of natural compounds worked better together (synergy) to fight Borrelia bacteria, which cause Lyme disease. They tested these combinations on different forms of the bacteria: active (spirochete), stationary, and biofilm-protected forms. These combinations were found to be effective in different ways.
For example, combining baicalein with luteolin worked well against all three forms of the bacteria: spirochetes, stationary forms, and biofilm. Meanwhile, a combination of monolaurin and cis-2-decenoic acid was effective against spirochetes, but less so for other forms. When baicalein was combined with rosmarinic acid or luteolin was paired with rosmarinic acid, both combinations worked specifically against spirochetes.
Other combinations also showed effectiveness against stationary forms. For instance, baicalein or luteolin, when combined with iodine, were able to target the stationary forms of Borrelia. Lastly, combining baicalein or luteolin with cis-2-decenoic acid worked well against the spirochete form of the bacteria.
In 2020, another study tested these combinations on animals and human volunteers. The treatment included baicalein, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, monolaurin, cis-2-decenoic acid, and iodine from kelp. In animals, this combination reduced the bacterial load by about 75% and lowered inflammation, which signals infection.
In a human study involving 17 people with persistent Lyme disease, about 67% of the participants responded positively, showing improved energy levels, physical health, and mental well-being. They took capsules of these natural compounds three times a day for six months.
These findings suggest that combining natural agents like baicalein, luteolin, and monolaurin with other compounds can help improve treatment for Lyme disease, especially for people who do not respond well to antibiotics.
Miscellaneous Synthetic Products
Methylene Blue
Methylene blue has been used in medicine for centuries and is most well-known as a treatment for a condition called methemoglobinemia, which affects the blood. It was also the first synthetic medicine used to treat malaria. In recent studies, methylene blue has shown promise in fighting Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, particularly in its stationary (persistent) forms. It has also been found to be effective against Bartonella, a bacteria that can cause other tick-borne infections. Additionally, methylene blue has shown strong potential in treating Babesia infections, which are caused by parasites similar to malaria.
Disulfiram
Disulfiram is a drug originally used to help people stop drinking alcohol. Recently, it has been found to work against various parasites, fungi, and bacteria. It is effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, especially in its persistent forms. In studies on mice, disulfiram completely cleared the bacteria from infected tissues. In a small study involving humans with Lyme disease, many patients reported significant improvements in their symptoms after using disulfiram, with some even experiencing long-lasting recovery. However, higher doses of the drug were associated with side effects like fatigue, mood changes, and nerve pain. Disulfiram has also shown positive effects in treating Babesia infections but has not yet been proven effective against Bartonella.
Safety of Botanical Medicines
Using natural products and botanical medicines is generally considered safe, with side effects being rare. However, each herbal treatment can have different effects on the body, and it’s important to use them under the guidance of a knowledgeable healthcare provider. Some herbal medicines might interact with other medications, so close monitoring is needed, including lab tests to ensure that organs like the liver and kidneys are functioning properly.
Potential Criticisms
While this research has provided useful insights into treating tick-borne diseases, there are some challenges. For example, different studies used different methods to identify the bacteria and pathogens being treated, which could lead to varying results. Also, many studies were done in lab settings or on animals, not humans. It is important to do more research on humans to understand how well these treatments work in real-life situations. Additionally, understanding the safety and interactions between natural and prescription medicines is vital for future treatments.
Further Studies on Natural Products Tested Against Lyme Disease Bacteria
Scientists tested a variety of plant-based medicines and natural products to see how well they could fight Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, in its stationary (persistent) phase. The bacteria were grown for 7 days in lab plates, and the natural products were tested at different strengths: 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%.
At 1% strength, seven natural products were found to be very effective at killing the bacteria, performing better than commonly used antibiotics like doxycycline and cefuroxime. These included extracts from plants like Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (an African herb), Juglans nigra (black walnut), and Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed).
When the researchers used a 0.5% concentration, 11 natural products were still more effective than the standard antibiotics. Among these, the best performers included Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood), Juglans nigra, and Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw). These products continued to show strong activity even when tested at 0.25%, a lower concentration.
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stood out as the most powerful, completely killing the bacteria and dissolving their protective clumps. Juglans nigra was also effective at 0.5%, but it struggled to kill the bacteria when they formed tight colonies at 0.25%. Although Polygonum cuspidatum appeared to be strong in some tests, other results showed that it was not as effective as Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Juglans nigra.
These findings suggest that certain natural extracts may be promising alternatives to standard antibiotics in treating Lyme disease, particularly in its more stubborn forms.
Testing the Effectiveness of Natural Products Against Lyme Disease Bacteria
Researchers tested several natural products to see how well they could fight Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, in its stationary phase (when the bacteria are more resistant). These natural products were compared to standard antibiotics like doxycycline and cefuroxime.
Controls
In the drug-free control sample, 94% of the bacteria survived. Standard antibiotics like doxycycline and cefuroxime were somewhat effective, with survival rates of 74% and 65%, respectively.
Alcohol Controls
Alcohol solutions (used to prepare some extracts) had varied effects. For example, 30% alcohol showed 79-95% survival of bacteria, and 60% alcohol showed 76-94% survival.
Natural Products
Several natural products showed better results than the antibiotics. Here are some of the most effective ones:
- Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed): The 60% ethanol extract reduced bacteria survival to 30-43%, and its 90% ethanol extract had similar results, showing strong antibacterial activity.
- Cryptolepis sanguinolenta: At concentrations as low as 0.03%, this extract reduced bacterial survival to around 46-48%, making it highly effective.
- Artemisia annua (Sweet wormwood): The 90% ethanol extract reduced survival to about 43-50%.
- Juglans nigra (Black walnut): The 60% ethanol extract was very effective, with only 14% survival at higher concentrations.
- Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s claw): This extract reduced survival to around 49-54%.
Some products, such as Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Juglans nigra, were particularly effective, especially at lower concentrations. Polygonum cuspidatum and Artemisia annua also demonstrated strong activity, making them promising candidates for further study in treating Lyme disease.
These findings suggest that certain plant-based extracts may be more effective than traditional antibiotics in targeting persistent forms of Lyme disease bacteria.
Natural Remedies and Their Theoretical Daily Doses for Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Infections
In addressing Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections like Bartonella and Babesia, several natural remedies have shown potential. Many of these remedies are plant-based and have been studied for their effectiveness in combating various forms of harmful bacteria and parasites. Below is a summary of some of the most promising natural products and their potential daily doses, as suggested by current research. These doses are theoretical and should be approached with caution until further studies confirm their safety and efficacy.
- Allicin (Garlic)
Active Ingredient: Diallyl disulfide (DADS)
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi (active forms), Bartonella, and some Babesia species.
Approximate Daily Dose: 600–900 mg/day of standardized garlic extract (containing allicin). - Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
Active Ingredient: Artemisinin
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia species.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of artemisinin extract (based on studies using up to 2250 mg daily safely for 10 weeks). - Berberis vulgaris (Barberry)
Active Ingredient: Berberine
Uses: Helps fight Bartonella and Babesia.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1500 mg/day of berberine (taken in divided doses). - Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)
Active Ingredient: Cinnamaldehyde
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi (active, stationary, and biofilm forms) and Bartonella.
Approximate Daily Dose: 1–2 grams of cinnamon bark extract (capsules or powder). - Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Active Ingredient: Cryptolepine
Uses: Powerful against Borrelia burgdorferi (all forms), Bartonella, and Babesia.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of standardized extract. - Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Active Ingredient: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi (especially stationary forms) and Bartonella.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of black walnut extract. - Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed)
Active Ingredient: Resveratrol
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of resveratrol (often derived from knotweed). - Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw)
Active Ingredients: Isopteropodine, rynchophylline
Uses: Active against all forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and effective in supporting the immune system.
Approximate Daily Dose: 250–500 mg/day of standardized extract. - Stevia rebaudiana
Active Ingredient: Stevioside, rebaudioside
Uses: Active against Borrelia burgdorferi (especially biofilm forms).
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of stevia leaf extract. - Methylene Blue
Active Ingredient: Methylene blue
Uses: Effective against persistent forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella.
Approximate Daily Dose: 50–100 mg/day (as prescribed by a healthcare professional, often used in conjunction with other treatments). - Monolaurin (Coconut Oil)
Active Ingredient: Lauric acid
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi and other Gram-positive bacteria.
Approximate Daily Dose: 2–3 grams/day of monolaurin capsules (or 1–2 tablespoons of coconut oil). - Oregano Oil
Active Ingredients: Carvacrol, Diallyl disulfide (DADS)
Uses: Active against Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella (especially biofilm forms).
Approximate Daily Dose: 200 mg/day of emulsified oregano oil (capsules or liquid). - Cistus creticus (Rock Rose)
Active Ingredient: Carvacrol
Uses: Active against Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete forms).
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–1000 mg/day of Cistus extract. - Thymus vulgaris (Thyme Oil)
Active Ingredient: Thymol
Uses: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi (biofilm forms).
Approximate Daily Dose: 500 mg/day of thyme extract or 1–2 drops of thyme essential oil (diluted in carrier oil). - Vitamin C
Active Ingredient: Ascorbic acid
Uses: Supports immune function and enhances the effect of other treatments for Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia.
Approximate Daily Dose: 500–2000 mg/day (divided doses). - Vitamin D3
Active Ingredient: Cholecalciferol
Uses: Boosts immune system function and helps reduce inflammation in Lyme disease patients.
Approximate Daily Dose: 2000–5000 IU/day (depending on vitamin D levels). - Rosmarinic Acid
Active Ingredient: Rosmarinic acid
Uses: Works synergistically with other antimicrobials against Borrelia burgdorferi.
Approximate Daily Dose: 200–400 mg/day. - Disulfiram
Active Ingredient: Bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulfide
Uses: Powerful against persistent forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and possibly Babesia.
Approximate Daily Dose: 62.5–500 mg/day (prescribed by a healthcare provider, with careful monitoring).
Natural Remedies for Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Infections: Tinctures and Essential Oils with Daily Dosages
This chapter provides an overview of natural remedies that have been studied for their effectiveness against Borrelia burgdorferi (the bacteria that causes Lyme disease), Bartonella, and Babesia. These remedies are presented in two common forms: tinctures and essential oils. Tinctures are liquid extracts made by soaking herbs in alcohol or glycerin, while essential oils are highly concentrated oils extracted from plants. Below are the recommended daily doses for each remedy, both in tincture and essential oil form (where applicable). Please note that not all remedies are available in both forms.
- Allicin (Garlic)
Active Ingredient: Diallyl disulfide (DADS)
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day (standard garlic tincture) divided into 2–3 doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: Garlic is not commonly used as an essential oil due to its strong odor and skin irritation potential. Stick to tincture or capsules. - Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
Active Ingredient: Artemisinin
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day, divided into two doses (1–2 ml per dose).
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of Artemisia annua essential oil diluted in 1 teaspoon of a carrier oil (such as coconut or olive oil). Apply topically or take internally under medical supervision. - Berberis vulgaris (Barberry)
Active Ingredient: Berberine
Tincture Dosage: 2–5 ml/day of tincture, taken in divided doses (1–2 ml per dose).
Essential Oil Dosage: Barberry is not typically available as an essential oil. Use tincture form or berberine supplements. - Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)
Active Ingredient: Cinnamaldehyde
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day, divided into two doses (1–2 ml per dose).
Essential Oil Dosage: 1 drop of cinnamon essential oil diluted in a carrier oil, taken internally or applied topically. Do not exceed 1 drop/day due to potency. - Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Active Ingredient: Cryptolepine
Tincture Dosage: 1–2 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: Cryptolepis is not typically available as an essential oil. Stick to tincture form. - Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Active Ingredient: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day, divided into two doses (1–2 ml per dose).
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of black walnut essential oil diluted in a carrier oil. Apply topically or take internally under medical supervision. - Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed)
Active Ingredient: Resveratrol
Tincture Dosage: 2–5 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: Japanese knotweed is not available as an essential oil. Use tincture form. - Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw)
Active Ingredients: Isopteropodine, Rynchophylline
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: Cat’s claw is not typically available as an essential oil. Stick to tincture form. - Stevia rebaudiana
Active Ingredient: Stevioside, Rebaudioside
Tincture Dosage: 1–3 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: Stevia is not available as an essential oil. Use tincture or powdered form. - Oregano (Oregano Oil)
Active Ingredients: Carvacrol, Diallyl disulfide (DADS)
Tincture Dosage: 1–2 ml/day of oregano tincture, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of oregano essential oil diluted in a carrier oil, taken internally or applied topically. - Cistus creticus (Rock Rose)
Active Ingredient: Carvacrol
Tincture Dosage: 2–5 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of Cistus essential oil diluted in a carrier oil. Apply topically or diffuse. - Thymus vulgaris (Thyme Oil)
Active Ingredient: Thymol
Tincture Dosage: 1–2 ml/day, divided into two doses.
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of thyme essential oil diluted in a carrier oil, taken internally or applied topically. - Rosmarinic Acid (from Rosemary or Lemon Balm)
Active Ingredient: Rosmarinic acid
Tincture Dosage: 2–4 ml/day, divided into two doses (typically from rosemary or lemon balm tinctures).
Essential Oil Dosage: 1–2 drops of rosemary essential oil diluted in a carrier oil, taken internally or applied topically.
Safety and Usage Considerations:
- Tinctures: Tinctures are concentrated herbal extracts that should be taken with water or juice to dilute their strong taste. Be sure to follow the recommended doses and consult a healthcare provider if combining tinctures with other treatments.
- Essential Oils: Essential oils are extremely potent, and most must be diluted in a carrier oil (like coconut or olive oil) before use. Essential oils can be taken internally (only under medical supervision) or applied topically, and some can be diffused for inhalation.
Understanding How Doses Are Calculated
When using natural remedies like herbal extracts, tinctures, and essential oils to treat Lyme disease and tick-borne infections, it's important to understand how dosages are calculated. In this chapter, we’ll explain how the recommended doses in milligrams (mg) translate to tinctures and essential oils. This will help you understand the science behind the dosage guidelines for these remedies.
1. Milligram-Based Dosages
Milligram (mg) dosages are a standard way to measure the active ingredient in a substance. For example, when you see a dose recommendation like 500 mg of a herbal extract, it refers to the exact amount of the active compound contained in the supplement or herb.
Key Factors in Milligram Dosing:
- Concentration: The concentration of the active compound in a supplement affects how many milligrams you need to take. For example, a 500 mg capsule of Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed) is standardized to a certain percentage of resveratrol.
- Standardization: Many herbal supplements are standardized, meaning the manufacturer ensures that each dose contains a specific amount of the active compound. For example, a berberine supplement may be standardized to contain 95?rberine per 500 mg.
For plant-based supplements:
- 500 mg/day is a common dose for many herbs like Cryptolepis sanguinolenta or Berberis vulgaris, meaning that each dose contains a specific amount of the active ingredient to ensure consistent potency.
2. Tincture Dosages
Tinctures are concentrated liquid extracts made by soaking herbs in alcohol or glycerin. They are measured in milliliters (ml), with 1 ml generally equivalent to a 1:5 or 1:10 concentration ratio of the dried herb to solvent. The exact dosage in milligrams depends on the strength of the tincture and how much of the herb was used to make it.
How Tincture Dosages are Calculated:
- Concentration Ratios: Tinctures are typically labeled with a ratio, such as 1:5 or 1:10. This indicates the strength of the tincture. For example, a 1:5 tincture means 1 part of the dried herb was soaked in 5 parts of alcohol. A 1:10 ratio means the tincture is more diluted.
Conversion from Milligrams to Milliliters:
- A typical dried herb dose of 500 mg/day corresponds roughly to 2–4 ml of a 1:5 tincture.
- For example, if a recommended dose of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is 500 mg/day, and you are using a 1:5 tincture, you would take about 1–2 ml twice daily to achieve the same effect as 500 mg of dried extract.
Standard Dosing for Tinctures:
- The general rule is to use 1–2 ml of a tincture per dose, based on the strength of the tincture and how concentrated it is. Stronger tinctures (e.g., 1:1 or 1:3 ratios) will require smaller doses compared to more diluted tinctures (e.g., 1:10).
Example of Tincture Dosing:
- Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood): A typical dried dose of 500 mg/day can be replaced with 2–4 ml of a 1:5 tincture taken in divided doses (2 ml twice a day).
- Juglans nigra (Black Walnut): If the dried dose is 500–1000 mg/day, this would equate to around 2–4 ml of tincture daily (in a 1:5 concentration).
3. Essential Oil Dosages
Essential oils are highly concentrated plant extracts and are typically measured in drops rather than milliliters or milligrams. Essential oils are much stronger than tinctures and should always be diluted in a carrier oil if used topically or taken internally (under supervision).
How Essential Oil Dosages are Calculated:
- Concentration: Essential oils are incredibly potent because they are distilled to contain the most powerful components of the plant. For example, it takes a large amount of plant material to produce a small bottle of essential oil.
- Dilution: Essential oils are often used in diluted forms, typically mixed with a carrier oil such as coconut or olive oil. The recommended dilution is usually 1–2 drops of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil for topical or internal use.
Equivalence to Milligrams:
- A drop of essential oil is roughly equivalent to 50 mg of the active compound, though this varies depending on the oil.
- For example, oregano essential oil is extremely potent, and just 1–2 drops in a carrier oil is equivalent to a much larger milligram dose of the herb itself.
General Dosage Guidelines:
- For topical use, 1–2 drops of essential oil diluted in a teaspoon of carrier oil (about 5 ml) is a common dosage.
- For internal use (with medical supervision), the same rule applies: 1 drop diluted in carrier oil.
Example of Essential Oil Dosing:
- Oregano Oil: 1–2 drops diluted in a carrier oil equals a high-potency dose equivalent to several hundred milligrams of the herb.
- Cinnamon Oil: 1 drop diluted in a carrier oil for topical or internal use. It is highly concentrated and requires careful dosing.
Conversion Examples: Milligrams to Tinctures and Essential Oils
Here are a few examples to help illustrate the conversion of dosages from milligrams (mg) to tinctures (ml) and essential oils (drops):
- Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood):
Milligram Dose: 500 mg/day of dried extract.
Tincture Dose: 2–4 ml/day of a 1:5 tincture (divided into 2 doses).
Essential Oil Dose: 1–2 drops in a carrier oil for topical or internal use. - Cryptolepis sanguinolenta:
Milligram Dose: 500 mg/day of dried extract.
Tincture Dose: 1–2 ml/day of a 1:5 tincture (divided into 2 doses).
Essential Oil Dose: Not available as an essential oil. - Oregano Oil:
Milligram Dose: 500 mg/day of oregano extract.
Tincture Dose: 1–2 ml/day of a tincture.
Essential Oil Dose: 1–2 drops of oregano essential oil diluted in carrier oil.
Summary of How Dosages Are Calculated:
- Milligrams: Standard doses are often measured in milligrams based on the active ingredient in the herb. For example, 500 mg/day of an herbal extract provides a consistent and quantifiable dose.
- Tinctures: Tincture dosages depend on the concentration (e.g., 1:5 or 1:10). A typical 500 mg dose of an herb translates to 2–4 ml of tincture daily, divided into 1–2 doses. Tinctures provide flexibility and quick absorption.
- Essential Oils: Essential oils are much more concentrated than tinctures, and doses are measured in drops rather than milliliters. Essential oils require dilution and are highly potent. Typically, 1–2 drops are enough to provide therapeutic benefits.
Proven Remedies for Lyme Disease vs. Remedies for Other Tick-Borne Infections
This chapter clearly distinguishes between natural remedies that have been proven effective against Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and those that are primarily effective against other tick-borne infections such as Bartonella and Babesia. By reviewing the information provided, we ensure that each remedy is accurately categorized based on its proven efficacy.
Proven Remedies for Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
These remedies have demonstrated significant effectiveness against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease, including its active, stationary, and biofilm forms.
- Allicin (Garlic)
Effectiveness: Proven activity against Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes.
Forms Targeted: Active spirochete and possibly biofilm forms. - Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
Effectiveness: Effective against stationary phase Borrelia burgdorferi persister cells.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms. - Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)
Effectiveness: Significant activity against Borrelia burgdorferi, particularly biofilm and stationary forms.
Forms Targeted: Active, stationary, and biofilm forms. - Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Effectiveness: Highly effective against all forms of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Forms Targeted: Active spirochetes, stationary, and biofilm forms. - Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Effectiveness: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, particularly stationary phase bacteria.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms. - Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed)
Effectiveness: Strong activity against both active and stationary forms of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms. - Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw)
Effectiveness: Effective against all forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, including biofilm.
Forms Targeted: Active, stationary, and biofilm forms. - Stevia rebaudiana
Effectiveness: Certain formulations have shown effectiveness against biofilm forms of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Forms Targeted: Primarily biofilm forms. - Oregano Oil
Effectiveness: Highly effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, particularly biofilm and stationary forms.
Forms Targeted: Active, stationary, and biofilm forms. - Cistus creticus (Rock Rose)
Effectiveness: Demonstrated effectiveness against Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes.
Forms Targeted: Active spirochete forms. - Thymus vulgaris (Thyme Oil)
Effectiveness: Effective against biofilm forms of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Forms Targeted: Biofilm forms. - Rosmarinic Acid (from Rosemary or Lemon Balm)
Effectiveness: Works synergistically with other antimicrobials to target Borrelia burgdorferi.
Forms Targeted: Active and biofilm forms (in combination with other remedies). - Methylene Blue
Effectiveness: Demonstrated significant activity against Borrelia burgdorferi stationary persister cells. It is considered effective for treating persister forms of Borrelia.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary persister cells of Borrelia burgdorferi. - Disulfiram
Effectiveness: Proven to be highly effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, especially its persister cells.
Forms Targeted: Active, stationary, and persister forms of Borrelia.
Remedies Primarily Effective Against Other Infections (Bartonella, Babesia, etc.)
The following remedies have shown limited or no proven effectiveness against Lyme disease but are highly effective against other tick-borne infections, such as Bartonella and Babesia.
- Berberis vulgaris (Barberry)
Effectiveness: More effective against Babesia and Bartonella than against Borrelia.
Primary Target: Babesia and Bartonella. - Methylene Blue
Effectiveness: Proven activity against Bartonella, including both active and stationary forms. Methylene Blue has also demonstrated activity against biofilm forms of Bartonella.
Primary Target: Bartonella. - Monolaurin (Coconut Oil)
Effectiveness: Antibacterial properties, but its specific effectiveness against Borrelia is less clear. More commonly used for general infections.
Primary Target: General antibacterial, less clear for Lyme disease. - Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)
Effectiveness: Strongly effective against Babesia, but limited data on its effects on Borrelia.
Primary Target: Babesia. - Rhus coriaria (Sumac)
Effectiveness: Effective against various Babesia species.
Primary Target: Babesia. - Nigella sativa (Black Cumin)
Effectiveness: Proven to be effective against Babesia in animal models.
Primary Target: Babesia. - Disulfiram
Effectiveness: Limited evidence suggests disulfiram may benefit Babesia infections, but more research is needed to confirm this.
Primary Target: Babesia (exploratory, not conclusive).
Remedies with Broad-Spectrum Activity (Effective Against Lyme and Other Infections)
These remedies have shown effectiveness not only against Borrelia burgdorferi but also against other tick-borne infections such as Bartonella and Babesia.
- Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
Effectiveness: Proven against both Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms of Borrelia and Babesia. - Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Effectiveness: Effective against Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella, and Babesia.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms of Borrelia, Babesia, and Bartonella. - Oregano Oil
Effectiveness: Proven to work against Borrelia, Bartonella, and Babesia.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms of Borrelia, Bartonella, and Babesia. - Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw)
Effectiveness: Effective against Borrelia, Bartonella, and possibly Babesia.
Forms Targeted: Active and stationary forms of Borrelia, Bartonella, and Babesia.
References:
- "Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity Against Growing and Non-growing Forms of B. burgdorferi", Jie Feng, Jacob Leone, Sunjya Schweig, and Ying Zhang, 2020
- "The Use of Natural Bioactive Nutraceuticals in the Management of Tick-Borne Illnesses", by Samuel M. Shor and Sunjya K. Schweig, 2023